SYSTEM A · COMMITTEE
Is the reasoning visible?
Partially. Each member speaks from a role and leaves a trace of judgment.
Can the authorization be contested?
Yes. Legal reasoning, command pressure, and objection can all be named and challenged.
Is bias or error present?
Yes — but some of it is visible. Overconfidence, deference, and misplaced trust can be attached to particular people and moments.
Where is responsibility?
Distributed, but still locatable. It remains tied to named actors inside an institution.
Who can be held accountable?
Committee members, commanding officers, legal reviewers, and the organization that empowered them.
SYSTEM B · PROGRAM
Is the reasoning visible?
Only in fragments. The score appears, but much of its internal logic remains opaque or classified.
Can the authorization be contested?
More weakly. The output arrives as procedure rather than argument.
Is bias or error present?
Yes — but it is easier to misrecognize as neutrality. Historical error, proxy variables, and hidden thresholds disappear into system design.
Where is responsibility?
Across code, data, model certification, institutional adoption, and human confirmation of the result.
Who can be held accountable?
Everyone partially, and therefore no one clearly.